Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A. Yegin
Request for Comments: 6786 Samsung
Category: Standards Track R. Cragie
ISSN: 2070-1721 Gridmerge Ltd.
November 2012
Encrypting the Protocol for Carrying Authentication for
Network Access (PANA) Attribute-Value Pairs
Abstract
This document specifies a mechanism for delivering the Protocol for
Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA) Attribute-Value
Pairs (AVPs) in encrypted form.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 6786.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
1.1. Specification of Requirements ..............................2
2. Details .........................................................3
3. Encryption Keys .................................................3
4. Encryption-Algorithm AVP ........................................4
4.1. AES128_CTR Encryption Algorithm ............................5
5. Encryption-Encap AVP ............................................6
6. Encryption Policy ...............................................6
6.1. Encryption Policy Specification ............................7
7. Security Considerations .........................................8
7.1. AES-CTR Security Considerations ............................9
8. IANA Considerations .............................................9
8.1. PANA AVP Codes .............................................9
8.2. PANA Encryption-Algorithm AVP Values .......................9
8.3. PANA AVP Codes Encryption Policy ..........................10
9. Acknowledgments ................................................10
10. Normative References ..........................................10
1. Introduction
PANA [RFC 5191] is a UDP-based protocol to perform an Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) authentication between a PANA Client
(PaC) and a PANA Authentication Agent (PAA).
Various types of payload are exchanged as part of the network access
authentication and authorization. These payloads are carried in PANA
Attribute-Value Pairs (AVPs). AVPs can be integrity protected using
the AUTH AVP when EAP authentication generates cryptographic keying
material. AVPs are transmitted in the clear (i.e., not encrypted).
Certain payload types need to be delivered privately (e.g., network
keys, private identifiers, etc.). This document defines a mechanism
for applying encryption to selected AVPs.
1.1. Specification of Requirements
In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements
of the specification. These words are often capitalized. The key
words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD",
"SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document
are to be interpreted as described in [RFC 2119].
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
2. Details
This document extends the AVP set defined in Section 8 of [RFC 5191]
by defining two new AVPs: the Encryption-Algorithm AVP (see Section
4) and the Encryption-Encap AVP (see Section 5). Two new encryption
keys, PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY and PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY, are defined to encrypt
AVPs from the PaC to the PAA and AVPs from the PAA to the PaC,
respectively (see Section 3).
When encryption is needed, the required algorithm is negotiated as
follows: the PAA SHALL send the initial PANA-Auth-Request carrying
one or more Encryption-Algorithm AVPs supported by it. The PaC SHALL
select one of the algorithms from this AVP, and it SHALL respond with
the initial PANA-Auth-Answer carrying one Encryption-Algorithm AVP
for the selected algorithm. Once PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY and
PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY have been generated, a PANA message MAY contain an
Encryption-Encap AVP.
3. Encryption Keys
PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY is used for encrypting the AVP payload of the
Encryption-Encap AVP sent in a PANA message from the PaC to the PAA.
PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY SHALL be computed according to the following
formula:
PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY = prf+(MSK, "IETF PANA PaC Encr" | I_PAR |
I_PAN | PaC_nonce | PAA_nonce | Key_ID)
PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY is used for encrypting the AVP payload of the
Encryption-Encap AVP sent in a PANA message from the PAA to the PaC.
PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY SHALL be computed according to the following
formula:
PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY = prf+(MSK, "IETF PANA PAA Encr" | I_PAR |
I_PAN | PaC_nonce | PAA_nonce | Key_ID)
In both cases:
- The prf+ function is defined in the Internet Key Exchange
Protocol version 2 (IKEv2) [RFC 5996].
- The pseudo-random function (PRF) to be used for the prf+
function SHALL be negotiated using the PRF-Algorithm AVP in the
initial PANA-Auth-Request and PANA-Auth-Answer exchange with
the 'S' (Start) bit set as described in Section 4.1 of
[RFC 5191].
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
- MSK is the master session key (MSK) generated by the EAP method
[RFC 3748]. PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY and PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY MUST be
recalculated whenever a new MSK is generated by the EAP method.
- "IETF PANA PaC Encr" and "IETF PANA PAA Encr" are the ASCII
code representations of the respective non-NULL terminated
strings (excluding the double quotes around them).
- I_PAR and I_PAN are the initial PANA-Auth-Request and
PANA-Auth-Answer messages (the PANA header and the following
PANA AVPs) with the 'S' (Start) bit set, respectively.
- PaC_nonce and PAA_nonce are values of the Nonce AVP carried in
the first non-initial PANA-Auth-Answer and PANA-Auth-Request
messages in the authentication and authorization phase or the
first PANA-Auth-Answer and PANA-Auth-Request messages in the
re-authentication phase, respectively.
- Key_ID is the value of the Key-Id AVP.
The length of PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY and PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY depends on the
encryption algorithm in use.
4. Encryption-Algorithm AVP
The Encryption-Algorithm AVP (AVP code 13) is used for conveying the
encryption algorithm to be used with the Encryption-Encap AVP. The
AVP value data is of type Unsigned32.
Only one encryption algorithm identifier AES128_CTR (code 1) is
identified by this document. Encryption algorithm identifier values
other than 1 are reserved for future use. Future specifications are
allowed to extend this list.
AES128_CTR: 1
In the absence of an application profile specifying otherwise, all
implementations SHALL support AES128_CTR.
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
4.1. AES128_CTR Encryption Algorithm
The AES128_CTR encryption algorithm uses the AES-CTR (Counter) mode
of operation as specified in [NIST_SP800_38A] using the AES-128 block
cipher. The formatting function and counter generation function, as
specified in Appendix A of [NIST_SP800_38C], are used with the
following parameters:
n = 12,
q = 3
The 12-octet nonce consists of a 4-octet Key-Id, a 4-octet Session
ID, and a 4-octet Sequence Number in that order where each 4-octet
value is encoded in network byte order. The Session ID and Sequence
Number values SHALL be the same as those in the PANA message carrying
the key Encryption-Encap AVP. The Key-Id value SHALL be the same as
the one used for deriving PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY and PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY.
The output blocks of the encryption processing are encoded as
OctetString data in the Value field of a Encryption-Encap AVP.
Note that the first counter block used for encryption is Ctr_1, where
"_1" denotes "subscript 1" as described in Appendix A.3 of
[NIST_SP800_38C]. For example, given the following:
Key-Id = 0x55667788,
Session ID = 0xaabbccdd,
Sequence Number = 0x11223344
The first counter block used for encryption will be:
0x0255667788aabbccdd11223344000001
where the initial 0x02 represents the Flags field of the counter
block.
The nonce meets the requirement of uniqueness-per-key usage provided
that the sequence number does not wrap. Therefore, for the purpose
of generating new keys:
- If Encryption-Encap AVPs are being sent from the PaC to the PAA
and the sequence number is about to wrap, the PaC SHALL
initiate PANA re-authentication as described in Section 4.3 of
[RFC 5191].
- If Encryption-Encap AVPs are being sent from the PAA to the PaC
and the sequence number is about to wrap, the PAA SHALL
initiate PANA re-authentication as described in Section 4.3 of
[RFC 5191].
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
Re-authentication ensures the generation of a new MSK [RFC 3748] and
thus a new PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY and PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY.
5. Encryption-Encap AVP
The Encryption-Encap AVP (AVP code 12) is used to encrypt one or more
PANA AVPs. The format of the Encryption-Encap AVP depends on the
negotiated encryption algorithm.
When the negotiated encryption algorithm identifier is AES128_CTR
(code 1), AVP data payload is occupied by the encrypted AVPs.
There SHALL be only one Encryption-Encap AVP in a PANA message. All
AVPs that require encryption SHALL be encapsulated within the
Encryption-Encap AVP.
The Encryption-Encap AVP uses either PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY or
PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY, and the encryption algorithm negotiated by the
Encryption-Algorithm AVP. The Encryption-Encap AVP SHALL only be
used if the EAP method generates cryptographic keys (specifically,
the MSK [RFC 3748]).
The Encryption-Encap AVP MAY be used in a PANA message from the PaC
to the PAA when the encryption algorithm has been successfully
negotiated and once PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY has been generated.
The Encryption-Encap AVP MAY be used in a PANA message from the PAA
to the PaC when the encryption algorithm has been successfully
negotiated and once PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY has been generated.
The Encryption-Encap AVP MAY be used in the very first PANA message
carrying the Result-Code AVP set to PANA_Success value and any
subsequent message within the same PANA session.
6. Encryption Policy
The specification of any AVP SHOULD state that the AVP either shall
or shall not be encrypted using the Encryption-Encap AVP. The
specification of an AVP MAY state that the AVP may (or may not) be
encrypted using the Encryption-Encap AVP. The specification SHOULD
use a table in the format specified in Section 6.1. If the
specification of an AVP is silent about whether the AVP shall or
shall not be encrypted using the Encryption-Encap AVP, this implies
that the AVP MAY be encrypted using the Encryption-Encap AVP.
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
6.1. Encryption Policy Specification
This section defines a table format for the specification of whether
an AVP shall or shall not be encrypted using the Encryption-Encap
AVP.
The table uses the following symbols:
Y: The AVP SHALL be encrypted using the Encryption-Encap AVP. If the
AVP is encountered not encrypted using the Encryption-Encap AVP,
it SHALL be considered invalid and the message containing the AVP
SHALL be discarded.
N: The AVP SHALL NOT be encrypted using the Encryption-Encap AVP. If
the AVP is encountered encrypted using the Encryption-Encap AVP,
it SHALL be considered invalid and the message containing the AVP
SHALL be discarded.
X: The AVP MAY be encrypted using the Encryption-Encap AVP. If the
AVP is encountered either encrypted or not encrypted using the
Encryption-Encap AVP, it SHALL be considered valid.
The legitimate occurrence of unencrypted AVPs and AVPs after
decryption and unencapsulation SHALL be subject to the AVP Occurrence
Table (Figure 4 in [RFC 5191]).
The following table shows the encryption requirements for the
existing AVPs defined in [RFC 5191]:
Attribute Name |Enc|
----------------------+---+
AUTH | N |
EAP-Payload | X |
Integrity-Algorithm | N |
Key-Id | N |
Nonce | N |
PRF-Algorithm | N |
Result-Code | N |
Session-Lifetime | X |
Termination-Cause | X |
----------------------+---+
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
The following table shows the encryption requirements for the AVPs
defined in [RFC 6345]:
Attribute Name |Enc|
----------------------+---+
PaC-Information | N |
Relayed-Message | N |
----------------------+---+
The following table shows the encryption requirements for the AVPs
defined in this document:
Attribute Name |Enc|
----------------------+---+
Encryption-Algorithm | N |
Encryption-Encap | N |
----------------------+---+
The following table is an example showing the encryption requirements
for a newly defined AVP, Example-AVP:
Attribute Name |Enc|
----------------------+---+
Example-AVP | Y |
----------------------+---+
The guidance for specifying the encryption requirements for a newly
defined AVP is as follows:
Y: If the payload needs privacy against eavesdroppers (e.g., carrying
a secret key).
N: If the payload may need to be observed by on-path network elements
(i.e., subject to deep packet inspection).
X: If neither concern applies.
7. Security Considerations
PANA_PAC_ENCR_KEY and PANA_PAA_ENCR_KEY are secret keys shared
between the PaC and the PAA. They SHALL NOT be used for purposes
other than those specified in this document. Compromise of these
keys would lead to compromise of the secret information protected by
these keys.
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
7.1. AES-CTR Security Considerations
The use of AES-CTR encryption has its own security considerations,
which are detailed in the Security Considerations section of
[RFC 3686]. Specifically:
- The nonce specified in Section 4.1 meets the requirement of
uniqueness-per-key usage.
- Section 4.1 of [RFC 5191] states that if the EAP method
generates cryptographic keys, an AUTH AVP will always be
present in every PANA message after key generation. Therefore,
an Encryption-Encap AVP will always be sent in conjunction with
an AUTH AVP. This meets the requirement of a companion
authentication function.
8. IANA Considerations
As described in Sections 4 and 5, and following the IANA allocation
policy on PANA messages [RFC 5872], two PANA AVP codes and one set of
AVP values have been registered. An additional encryption policy for
AVP codes has also been registered.
8.1. PANA AVP Codes
The following AVP codes have been registered in the "AVP Codes" sub-
registry of the "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network
Access (PANA) Parameters" registry:
o A standard AVP code of 12 for the Encryption-Encap AVP.
o A standard AVP code of 13 for the Encryption-Algorithm AVP.
8.2. PANA Encryption-Algorithm AVP Values
The following AVP values representing the encryption algorithm
identifier for the Encryption-Algorithm AVP code have been assigned
in the "Encryption-Algorithm (AVP Code 13) AVP Values" sub-registry
under the "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access
(PANA) Parameters" registry":
o An AVP value of 1 for AES128_CTR.
o All other AVP values (0, 2-4294967295) are unassigned.
The registration procedures are IETF Review or IESG Approval in
accordance with [RFC 5872].
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
8.3. PANA AVP Codes Encryption Policy
The additional encryption policy defined in Section 6.1 has been
added as a column labeled "Enc" in the "AVP Codes" sub-registry and
has been applied to all existing AVP codes and those defined in this
specification.
9. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Yoshihiro Ohba, Yasuyuki Tanaka,
Adrian Farrel, Brian Carpenter, Yaron Sheffer, Ralph Droms, Stephen
Farrell, Barry Leiba, and Sean Turner for their valuable comments.
10. Normative References
[NIST_SP800_38A]
Dworkin, M., "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of
Operation: Methods and Techniques", December 2001.
[NIST_SP800_38C]
Dworkin, M., "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of
Operation: The CCM Mode for Authentication and
Confidentiality", May 2004.
[RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC 3686] Housley, R., "Using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Counter Mode With IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP)", RFC 3686, January 2004.
[RFC 3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
Levkowetz, Ed., "Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP)", RFC 3748, June 2004.
[RFC 5191] Forsberg, D., Ohba, Y., Ed., Patil, B., Tschofenig, H.,
and A. Yegin, "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for
Network Access (PANA)", RFC 5191, May 2008.
[RFC 5872] Arkko, J. and A. Yegin, "IANA Rules for the Protocol for
Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA)", RFC
5872, May 2010.
[RFC 5996] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen,
"Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)", RFC
5996, September 2010.
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 6786 PANA AVP Encryption November 2012
[RFC 6345] Duffy, P., Chakrabarti, S., Cragie, R., Ohba, Y., Ed., and
A. Yegin, "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for
Network Access (PANA) Relay Element", RFC 6345, August
2011.
Authors' Addresses
Alper Yegin
Samsung
Istanbul
Turkey
EMail: alper.yegin@yegin.org
Robert Cragie
Gridmerge Ltd.
89 Greenfield Crescent
Wakefield, WF4 4WA
United Kingdom
EMail: robert.cragie@gridmerge.com
Yegin & Cragie Standards Track [Page 11]