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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                       C. Dearlove
Request for Comments: 7466                               BAE Systems ATC
Updates: 6130, 7181                                           T. Clausen
Category: Standards Track                       LIX, Ecole Polytechnique
ISSN: 2070-1721                                               March 2015

         An Optimization for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)
                 Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)

Abstract

   The link quality mechanism of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)
   Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) enables "ignoring" some 1-hop
   neighbors if the measured link quality from that 1-hop neighbor is
   below an acceptable threshold while still retaining the corresponding
   link information as acquired from the HELLO message exchange.  This
   allows immediate reinstatement of the 1-hop neighbor if the link
   quality later improves sufficiently.

   NHDP also collects information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors.
   However, it specifies that if a link from a symmetric 1-hop neighbor
   ceases being symmetric, including while "ignored" (as described
   above), then corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbors are removed.
   This may lead to symmetric 2-hop neighborhood information being
   permanently removed (until further HELLO messages are received) if
   the link quality of a symmetric 1-hop neighbor drops below the
   acceptable threshold, even if only for a moment.

   This specification updates RFC 6130 "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)
   Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)" and RFC 7181 "The Optimized
   Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)" to permit, as an
   option, retaining, but ignoring, symmetric 2-hop information when the
   link quality from the corresponding 1-hop neighbor drops below the
   acceptable threshold.  This allows immediate reinstatement of the
   symmetric 2-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves
   sufficiently, thus making the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood more
   "robust".

Dearlove & Clausen           Standards Track                    [Page 1]
RFC 7466 NHDP Optimization March 2015 Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 7466. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................3 2. Terminology .....................................................4 3. Applicability Statement .........................................4 4. Changes to NHDP .................................................4 4.1. Interface Information Bases ................................5 4.2. HELLO Message Processing ...................................5 4.3. Information Base Changes ...................................5 4.4. Constraints ................................................6 5. Changes to OLSRv2 ...............................................6 6. Security Considerations .........................................8 7. References ......................................................8 7.1. Normative References .......................................8 7.2. Informative References .....................................8 Acknowledgements ...................................................9 Authors' Addresses .................................................9 Dearlove & Clausen Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 7466 NHDP Optimization March 2015 1. Introduction Section 14 of the MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) [RFC 6130] contains a link admission mechanism known as "link quality" that allows a router using that protocol to "take considerations other than message exchange into account for determining when a link is and is not a candidate for being considered as HEARD or SYMMETRIC." Specifically, [RFC 6130] permits a router to disallow consideration of some of its 1-hop neighbors for as long as the quality of the link from that 1-hop neighbor is below an acceptable link quality threshold. A feature of this mechanism is that while the link quality remains too low, the link information, established by the exchange of HELLO messages, is retained. Thus, if the link quality later goes above the required threshold (note that a hysteresis mechanism means that two thresholds are used), then the link is immediately established and will be immediately available for use. [RFC 6130] collects not only 1-hop neighbor information, but also information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors. However, [RFC 6130] specifies that if a 1-hop neighbor was, but no longer is, considered symmetric, then the corresponding 2-Hop Tuples that may have been recorded for that 2-hop neighbor are to be removed without a retention mechanism for a (possibly temporary) loss due to link quality. This means that if there is a short period in which link quality is too low, then when the link quality is re-established all 1-hop neighbor information is immediately available for use again. However, the corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbor information has been removed and is not available for use until restored by receipt of the next corresponding HELLO message. This specification describes how [RFC 6130] can be modified to avoid this situation by retaining (but not using) 2-hop information, similar to what is done with 1-hop information. This modification is strictly optional, and routers that do and do not implement it can interwork entirely successfully (as they also can with different link quality specifications). In addition, by a suitable interpretation (that ignored 2-Hop Tuples are not externally advertised), this change can be invisible to any other protocols using [RFC 6130], in particular [RFC 7181]. However, the impact on [RFC 7181] when 2-Hop Tuples are not so handled is also described (owing to the existence of implementations of that protocol that are not modularly separated from [RFC 6130]). This specification therefore updates [RFC 6130] and [RFC 7181]. Dearlove & Clausen Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 7466 NHDP Optimization March 2015 This update to [RFC 6130] does not change the definition of a symmetric 2-hop neighbor but adds new state information to each 2-Hop Tuple of [RFC 6130]. This is to retain some 2-hop neighbor information while recording it as currently not to be used. The new state information and retained 2-Hop Tuples are reflected in the corresponding tables of the updated NHDP-MIB module [NHDP-MIB]. 2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC 2119]. Additionally, this document uses the terminology of [RFC 6130] and [RFC 7181]. 3. Applicability Statement This specification updates [RFC 6130]. The optimization presented in this specification is simply permissive, as it allows retaining information that otherwise would have been removed but does not use that information except when it could have been used by [RFC 6130]. This can, in some cases, ensure that the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood is more robust against temporary link quality changes and consequently yields a more stable network. The only other consequence of this optimization is that state for some otherwise expired 2-Hop Tuples may be maintained for longer. This specification also updates [RFC 7181]. This could have been avoided had instead [RFC 6130] been updated so as to make the changes to it invisible to any other protocol using it. However, as it is known that some implementations of [RFC 7181] are not independent of the implementation of [RFC 6130] that they use, it is useful to indicate the direct impact on [RFC 7181]. A router that implements the optimization described in this specification will interoperate successfully with routers that implement [RFC 6130] but do not implement this optimization. 4. Changes to NHDP The following changes are made to [RFC 6130] if using this specification. Note that while this specification is OPTIONAL, if any of these changes are made, then all of these changes MUST be made. Dearlove & Clausen Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 7466 NHDP Optimization March 2015 4.1. Interface Information Bases The 2-Hop Set is modified by adding this additional element to each 2-Hop Tuple: N2_lost is a boolean flag, which indicates the state of the corresponding Link Tuple. If L_status = SYMMETRIC (and thus L_lost = false), then N2_lost = false. If L_SYM_time has not expired, and L_lost = true (and hence L_status = LOST), then N2_lost = true. In all other cases, including other cases with L_status = LOST, there will be no such 2-Hop Tuples. 4.2. HELLO Message Processing In Section 12.6 of [RFC 6130], make the following changes: o In point 2, change "L_status = SYMMETRIC" to "L_SYM_time not expired". o In point 2, point 1, point 1, under "then create a 2-Hop Tuple with:", add a second bullet point "N2_lost: = L_lost". (Note that "2-Hop Neighbor Tuple" has been corrected here to "2-Hop Tuple" per [Err4276].) 4.3. Information Base Changes In Section 13, replace the second bullet point with: o A Link Tuple's L_status changes from SYMMETRIC, L_SYM_time expires, or the Link Tuple is removed. In this case, the actions specified in Section 13.2 are performed. Replace the paragraph after the bullet points with: If a Link Tuple is removed, or if L_HEARD_time expires and either L_status changes from SYMMETRIC or L_SYM_time expires, then the actions specified in Section 13.2 MUST be performed before the actions specified in Section 13.3 are performed for that Link Tuple. Dearlove & Clausen Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 7466 NHDP Optimization March 2015 In Section 13.2 of [RFC 6130], add the following before all other text: For each Link Tuple that has L_SYM_time not expired: 1. If L_SYM_time then expires, or if the Link Tuple is removed: 1. Remove each 2-Hop Tuple for the same MANET interface with: + N2_neighbor_iface_addr_list contains one or more network addresses in L_neighbor_iface_addr_list. 2. If L_status then changes from SYMMETRIC to LOST because L_lost is set to true: 1. For each 2-Hop Tuple for the same MANET interface with: + N2_neighbor_iface_addr_list contains one or more network addresses in L_neighbor_iface_addr_list; set N2_lost := true. Also, in Section 13.2 of [RFC 6130], remove point 1 and renumber point 2 as point 1. 4.4. Constraints In Appendix B of [RFC 6130], under "In each 2-Hop Tuple:", change the first bullet point to: o There MUST be a Link Tuple associated with the same MANET interface with: * L_neighbor_iface_addr_list = N2_neighbor_iface_addr_list; AND * L_SYM_time not expired; AND * L_lost = N2_lost. 5. Changes to OLSRv2 If the implementation of [RFC 6130] conceals from any protocol using it the existence of all 2-Hop Tuples with N2_lost = true, then no changes are required to any protocol using [RFC 6130]; in particular, no changes are required to [RFC 7181]. Dearlove & Clausen Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 7466 NHDP Optimization March 2015 However, if instead the implementation of [RFC 6130] makes all 2-Hop Tuples visible, including those with N2_lost = true, then protocols using [RFC 6130] MUST ignore such 2-Hop Tuples. For [RFC 7181], given that this protocol uses 2-hop information for Multipoint Relay (MPR) Set and Routing Set calculation but does not include that information in control traffic, this means that an implementation must be behaving (i) as if a 2-Hop Tuple only exists if N2_lost=false and (ii) as if a change of N2_lost (from false to true, or true to false) corresponds to a 2-Hop Tuple appearing or being removed. Specifically, this means behaving as if all of the following changes were to be made to [RFC 7181]: o In Section 17.6 of [RFC 7181], point 1, replace the final two bullet points with: * A 2-Hop Tuple with N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC and N2_lost = false is added or removed; OR * A 2-Hop Tuple with N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC has N2_lost changed; OR * The N2_out_metric of any 2-Hop Tuple with N2_lost = false changes, and either the flooding MPR selection process uses metric values (see Section 18.4), or the change is to or from UNKNOWN_METRIC. o In Section 17.6 of [RFC 7181], point 3, replace the final two bullet points with: * A 2-Hop Tuple with N2_in_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC and N2_lost = false is added or removed; OR * A 2-Hop Tuple with N2_in_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC has N2_lost changed; OR * The N2_in_metric of any 2-Hop Tuple with N2_lost = false changes. o In Section 17.7 of [RFC 7181], in the fifth bullet point, add "and N2_lost = false" after "N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC". o In Section 18.4 of [RFC 7181], in the third bullet point, add ", N2_lost = false" after "N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC". o In Section 18.5 of [RFC 7181], in the third bullet point, add ", N2_lost = false" after "N2_in_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC". Dearlove & Clausen Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 7466 NHDP Optimization March 2015 o In Section 19.1 of [RFC 7181], in the final main bullet point (marked as "(OPTIONAL)"), add "and N2_lost = false" after "N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC". o In Appendix C.7 of [RFC 7181], in point 1, add "and N2_lost = false" after "N2_out_metric != UNKNOWN_METRIC". 6. Security Considerations The update to [RFC 6130] enables the retention and reuse of some information collected by that protocol, for only the duration that it could have been used in any case. As such, this protocol introduces no new security considerations to an implementation of [RFC 6130] or of any other protocol that uses it, such as [RFC 7181]. 7. References 7.1. Normative References [RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 2119>. [RFC 6130] Clausen, T., Dean, J., and C. Dearlove, "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)", RFC 6130, April 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 6130>. [RFC 7181] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Jacquet, P., and U. Herberg, "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2", RFC 7181, April 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 7181>. 7.2. Informative References [Err4276] RFC Errata, Errata ID 4276, RFC 6130. [NHDP-MIB] Herberg, U., Cole, R., Chakeres, I., and T. Clausen, "Definition of Managed Objects for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-manet- RFC 6779bis, August 2014. Dearlove & Clausen Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 7466 NHDP Optimization March 2015 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Liz Cullen (BAE Systems) for first illustrating the issue addressed in this specification. Authors' Addresses Christopher Dearlove BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre West Hanningfield Road Great Baddow, Chelmsford United Kingdom Phone: +44 1245 242194 EMail: chris.dearlove@baesystems.com URI: http://www.baesystems.com/ Thomas Heide Clausen LIX, Ecole Polytechnique Phone: +33 6 6058 9349 EMail: T.Clausen@computer.org URI: http://www.ThomasClausen.org/ Dearlove & Clausen Standards Track [Page 9]