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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                           T. Bray
Request for Comments: 7725                                    Textuality
Category: Standards Track                                  February 2016
ISSN: 2070-1721

             An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles

Abstract

   This document specifies a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) status
   code for use when resource access is denied as a consequence of legal
   demands.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 7725.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Bray                         Standards Track                    [Page 1]
RFC 7725 HTTP-status-451 February 2016 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. 451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4. Identifying Blocking Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. Introduction This document specifies a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) status code for use when a server operator has received a legal demand to deny access to a resource or to a set of resources that includes the requested resource. This status code can be used to provide transparency in circumstances where issues of law or public policy affect server operations. This transparency may be beneficial both to these operators and to end users. [RFC 4924] discusses the forces working against transparent operation of the Internet; these clearly include legal interventions to restrict access to content. As that document notes, and as Section 4 of [RFC 4084] states, such restrictions should be made explicit. 2. Requirements The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC 2119]. 3. 451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons This status code indicates that the server is denying access to the resource as a consequence of a legal demand. The server in question might not be an origin server. This type of legal demand typically most directly affects the operations of ISPs and search engines. Responses using this status code SHOULD include an explanation, in the response body, of the details of the legal demand: the party making it, the applicable legislation or regulation, and what classes of person and resource it applies to. For example: Bray Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 7725 HTTP-status-451 February 2016 HTTP/1.1 451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons Link: <https://spqr.example.org/legislatione>; rel="blocked-by" Content-Type: text/html <html> <head><title>Unavailable For Legal Reasonstitle>head> <body> <h1>Unavailable For Legal Reasonsh1>

This request may not be serviced in the Roman Province of Judea due to the Lex Julia Majestatis, which disallows access to resources hosted on servers deemed to be operated by the People's Front of Judea.

body> html> The use of the 451 status code implies neither the existence nor nonexistence of the resource named in the request. That is to say, it is possible that if the legal demands were removed, a request for the resource still might not succeed. Note that in many cases clients can still access the denied resource by using technical countermeasures such as a VPN or the Tor network. A 451 response is cacheable by default, i.e., unless otherwise indicated by the method definition or explicit cache controls; see [RFC 7234]. 4. Identifying Blocking Entities As noted above, when an attempt to access a resource fails with status 451, the entity blocking access might or might not be the origin server. There are a variety of entities in the resource- access path that could choose to deny access -- for example, ISPs, cache providers, and DNS servers. It is useful, when legal blockages occur, to be able to identify the entities actually implementing the blocking. When an entity blocks access to a resource and returns status 451, it SHOULD include a "Link" HTTP header field [RFC 5988] whose value is a URI reference [RFC 3986] identifying itself. When used for this purpose, the "Link" header field MUST have a "rel" parameter whose value is "blocked-by". The intent is that the header be used to identify the entity actually implementing blockage, not any other entity mandating it. A human- readable response body, as discussed above, is the appropriate location for discussion of administrative and policy issues. Bray Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 7725 HTTP-status-451 February 2016 5. Security Considerations Clients cannot rely upon the use of the 451 status code. It is possible that certain legal authorities might wish to avoid transparency, and not only demand the restriction of access to certain resources, but also avoid disclosing that the demand was made. 6. IANA Considerations The HTTP Status Codes Registry has been updated with the following entry: o Code: 451 o Description: Unavailable For Legal Reasons o Specification: RFC 7725 The Link Relation Type Registry has been updated with the following entry: o Relation Name: blocked-by o Description: Identifies the entity that blocks access to a resource following receipt of a legal demand. o Reference: RFC 7725 7. References 7.1. Normative References [RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC 2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 2119>. [RFC 3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC 3986, January 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 3986>. [RFC 5988] Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 5988, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5988, October 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5988>. Bray Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 7725 HTTP-status-451 February 2016 [RFC 7234] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching", RFC 7234, DOI 10.17487/RFC 7234, June 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 7234>. 7.2. Informative References [RFC 4084] Klensin, J., "Terminology for Describing Internet Connectivity", BCP 104, RFC 4084, DOI 10.17487/RFC 4084, May 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4084>. [RFC 4924] Aboba, B., Ed. and E. Davies, "Reflections on Internet Transparency", RFC 4924, DOI 10.17487/RFC 4924, July 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4924>. Acknowledgements Thanks to Terence Eden, who observed that the existing status code 403 was not really suitable for this situation, and suggested the creation of a new status code. Thanks also to Ray Bradbury. Author's Address Tim Bray Textuality Email: tbray@textuality.com URI: http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/ Bray Standards Track [Page 5]